Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Many of the social issues are interconnected, and if one is solved, then others also get solved. By extending the research on gender ideology and marital happiness to couples past their 40s, Kaufman and Taniguchis study reinforced the conclusion of prior research that egalitarian attitudes increase husbands marital happiness. You just dont understand: Women and men in conversation. Colleen Kelly Kids Playing Monopoly Chicago CC BY 2.0. Social problems have a huge impact on society and may affect any section of the . It socializes children, provides practical and emotional support for its members, regulates sexual reproduction, and provides its members with a social identity. Although the functional perspective assumes the family provides its members emotional comfort and support, many families do just the opposite and are far from the harmonious, happy groups depicted in the 1950s television shows. Everyone who cares for a sick child, or a child who has serious behavioral problems, is under stress. (2012). Sociologists Lester F. Ward and Herbert Spencer used this term in scholarly writings in the early 1900s, and other sociologists, economists, psychologists, political scientists and historians adopted the ideas of society affecting human behavior. Family problems stem from economic inequality and from patriarchal ideology. A range of emotional, environmental, economic, and health-related considerations are presented as further reasons for evolving family characteristics. Sociological views on todays families and their problems generally fall into the functional, conflict, and social interactionist approaches introduced in Chapter 1 Understanding Social Problems. Allen, W. R., & James, A. D. (1998). The COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness that can be severe and is caused by the coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Today almost all states have no-fault divorce laws that allow a couple to divorce if they say their marriage has failed from irreconcilable differences. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Childhood and intergenerational poverty: The long-term consequences of growing up poor. The Oct. 5-19 extraordinary synod will prepare an . An absent parent or parents (physically and/or emotionally) Abuse of any kind (physical, emotional, and/or verbal abuse) Codependent behavior and/or enmeshment. Racial stratification and the durable tangle of neighborhood inequality. pregnancy loss, health complications in pregnancy and impacts on the child-mother bond. The divorce rate rose for several reasons during the 1960s and 1970s but has generally leveled off since then. Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World, theres no denying that the Blair government has done a lot for Britains have-nots. Journal of Family Issues, 4(4), 575-591. They might experience feelings of sadness, anxiety, loneliness, abandonment, and have difficulty with socializing. Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. A warmer, changing climate is a threat to the entire world. In most societies the family is the major unit through which socialization occurs. (1976). Sorting out bad relationships through cohabitation is how many people think they can avoid divorce. Social scientists and program providers define the significance of families and family ties to prisoners and to the achievement of social goals in numerous ways. Instagram. In a type of vicious cycle, children growing up in poor households are at greater risk of continuing to live in poverty after they reach adulthood. The opportunity for early education and availability of high-quality child care gives children an important head start in life that helps them learn to think and develop an appreciation of learning, according to the Childrens Defense Fund. Some scholars speculate that the rise in divorce during the 1960s and 1970s was partly due to a rise in egalitarian ideology among women, which conflicted with their husbands traditional ideology. Thats a big cultural difference (Nelson & Whalen, 2006, p. A1). While the impacts vary, the main effects of. These interactions typically occur with close relatives, friends, neighbors, and people at child care sites, schools, places of worship, and sports teams or other activities. These childrens involvement in these activities provides them various life skills that help enhance their performance in school and later in the workplace. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. Branch campuses of public and community colleges increase access and increase family use of the educational facilities. Second, low-income parents are much less likely to read and speak regularly to their infants and young children, who thus are slower to develop cognitive and reading skills; this problem in turn impairs their school performance when they enter elementary school. ), Gay and lesbian families (pp. Children affected by all the problems associated with a single-parent family Pregnancy in early teens can jeopardize the young mother's health Character tarnished Strain put on the welfare system as working population must pay higher taxes to cover education and social benefits (child grant) o [teenager OR adolescent ], , MD, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University. Krugman, P. (2006, December 25). Sources: Bandy, Andrews, & Moore, 2012; Furstenberg, 2010; Lareau, 2010. Second, although the contemporary womens movement is sometimes blamed for the divorce rate by making women think marriage is an oppressive institution, the trends in Figure 15.6 Number of Divorces per 1,000 Married Women Aged 15 or Older, 19602008 suggest this blame is misplaced. New York, NY: Touchstone. For example, if the political climate is tenuous, then discussions in classrooms will be heated. A spouse who holds traditional ideology believes that the man is the ruler of the household and that the womans primary role is to be a homemaker and caretaker of children. Disengagement. Unfortunately, many parents who use day care cannot afford high-quality care, which can cost several hundred dollars per month. With the Covid-19 pandemic, 2020 brought the Black Lives Matter protest in the limelight. First, it would be more accurate to say that good marriages are beneficial, because bad marriages certainly are not (Frech & Williams, 2007). Social media is a part of the fabric of our lives today, and can be an integral part of our lives. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 49(3/4), 225238. There are many factors that can affect family life, both positively and negatively. Internationally, same-sex marriage is permitted in Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Sweden. (2009). The security and support that such an adult can provide gives a child the self-confidence and resiliency to cope effectively with stress. Nelson, E., & Whalen, J. The family's sense of well-being and the processes that affect its functioning can also hardly fail to be of concern to society and the state, since the ability of that . According to sociologist Frank E. Furstenberg Jr., steep differences exist across social classes in mothers prenatal experiences, such as the quality of their diet and health care, as well as in the health care that their infants receive. 1 The social construction of social problems 1.1 What is 'social' about a social problem? The divorce rate increase preceded the establishment of most states no-fault laws, but it is probably also true that the laws helped make additional divorces more possible. No society is possible without adequate socialization of its young. A second correlate of divorce is social class: people who are poor at the time of their marriage are more likely to get divorced than people who begin their marriages in economic comfort, as the stress of poverty causes stress in marriage. Journal of Family Issues, 27(6), 735757. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. ), Changing poverty, changing policies (pp. Any shift in this arrangement, they warned, would harm children and, by extension, the family as a social institution and even society itself. New York, NY: Knopf. Barkan, S., Marks, S., & Milardo, R. (2009, September 22). When New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller ran for president in the early 1960s, the fact that he had been divorced hurt his popularity, but when California Governor Ronald Reagan ran for president less than two decades later, the fact that he had been divorced was hardly noted. Billingsley, A. Describe the effects of divorce for spouses and children. A social problem is normally a term used to describe problems with a particular area or group of people in the world. ), Families as they really are (pp. There is no evidence that same-sex marriage has undermined the stability of heterosexual marriage in the states where same-sex marriages are legal. Coontz, S. (1997). Social Science Research, 38(1), 201212. Events affecting the child may also have negative consequences for people close to the child. In B. J. Risman (Ed. A social issue is known as the social problem, which are actually due to the perception of people on others personal lives. Recent events have highlighted the importance of family discussions. The average cohabitation lasts less than 2 years and ends when the couple either splits up or gets married; about half of cohabiting couples do marry, and half split up. Racial and religious discrimination are the two significant social issues in America, Africa, and the world. Marriages and families in the United States exhibit a fair amount of racial and ethnic diversity, as we saw earlier in this chapter. Social Issues In Family. The state of our unions, 2009: Marriage in America. Or are they better off if they stay single? Cherlin, A. J. I feel this way because. Dallas, TX: Spence. Struggles around finances or employment. ), Changing poverty, changing policies (pp. The family can also be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members. But are no-fault divorce laws a cause or result of the post-1950s rise in the divorce rate? Parents used to stay together for the sake of the children, thinking that divorce would cause their children more harm than good. Single parent households usually have a shortage of finances, which can have emotional effects on the children, such as increased frustration and anger and an increased danger of violent behavior. Unequal childhoods: Inequalities in the rhythms of daily life. However, no matter how different families can be, they all face similar issues at the end of the day. Schools are not protected from the issues going on outside the classroom walls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden light" (Matthew 11:28, 30). More than half of people in their 20s and 30s have cohabited, and roughly one-fourth of this age group is currently cohabiting (Brown, 2005). In contrast, says Furstenberg, children from wealthier families are very likely to attend better schools and live in better neighborhoods. It is a fact that while there are some families . This body of research has focused on relatively young couples and neglected those past their 40s. Complex life course patterns and the risk of divorce in second marriages. Furstenberg, F. E., Jr. (2010). We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Diverging development: The not-so-invisible hand of social class in the United States. Parental divorce, marital conflict and childrens behavior problems: A comparison of adopted and biological children. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032009/pov/new03_100.htm. Depression and the psychological benefits of entering marriage. You may want to consider establishing a few ground rules to avoid any potential dangers of social media on your relationships.The Pros of Social Media and . 180200). All societies have norms governing with whom and how often a person should have sex. The lack of low-skilled jobs available for families in many inner cities means some family members see crime and drug dealing as legitimate sources of income, according to researchers at the National Development and Research Institutes. EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS Poverty Child Labor Graft and Corruption Cyber Sex Drug abuse or Drug Addiction Sexual transmitted disease Anti social behaviour Alcohol abuse Economic Deprivation Unemployment Natural Disasters. Hidden from this list of troubles is the compelling evidence that many families have their inner strength that allow them to do a better . For example, if a child mentions anger about a divorce, a parent could say, "So the divorce makes you angry" or "Tell me more about that." When spouses have health problems, marital happiness also tends to be lower. The family can also be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members. Charlottesville: The National Marriage Project, University of Virginia. Charlottesville: The National Marriage Project, University of Virginia. Twitter. However, open discussion can help the child deal with difficult or embarrassing topics and dispel irrational fears. Substance abuse does not discriminate between gender, age, social standing, white collar, blue collar, professional or household income. What are your views regarding same-sex marriage? Another difference between cohabitation and marriage concerns relationship violence. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008 (Current Population Report P60-236). entrenched poverty. Children also learn by watching how the adults in their lives handle distress. 276294). Some people who are not currently married nonetheless cohabit, or live together with someone of the opposite sex in a romantic relationship. Fears about all of these, rational or irrational, can preoccupy a child. Psychological torture and emotional abuse are extremely difficult to detect . About 5% of children live with biological parents who are cohabiting. Unstable housing also leads to poor school attendance, low grades and increases in chronic family health conditions, according to the federal task force. As social media's influence has exploded during the past few years, children have access to information as well as to misinformation through smart phones, tablets, laptops, smart watches, and other mobile devices like never before. Learn more about the Merck Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. Children often have difficulty talking about unpleasant topics. (2009). (1994). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. In contrast the stay-at-home kids acted very upset when their mothers left and seemed much happier and even relieved when they returned. As Susan I. Negative health effects. Loss of economic support, death, severe and prolonged illness, accidents and the like. (Ed.). Climbing Jacobs ladder: The enduring legacy of African American families. In one type of study, children were put in a laboratory room with their mothers and observed as the mothers left and returned. When both spouses work outside the home, moreover, it is more difficult to juggle the many demands of family life, especially child care, and family life can be more stressful. One-parent families headed by a woman for any reason are much poorer ($30,296 in 2008 median annual income) than those headed by a man ($44,358). Third, psychologically happy and healthy people may be the ones who get married in the first place and are less apt to get divorced once they do marry. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Death and Dying see End of Life Issues. Explain your answer. Waldfogel, J. By pointing to the importance of expanding mens egalitarian attitudes for marital happiness, the work by sociologists Kaufman and Taniguchi has helped make a difference. Minority families in the United States: A multicultural perspective (3rd ed.). Sampson, R. J. For example, Massachusetts, which has allowed same-sex marriage since 2004, continues to have one of the lowest divorce rates in the nation. As such, the family performs several important functions. Crisis which involve social stigmas like celibacy and major social calamities like war, economic inflation and depression. As one British official explained, We have more public funding and we have more of a focused government view that we have to eliminate child poverty, not just ameliorate it. Patterson, O. New York, NY: Basic Books. It is important for the parent to speak in a clear and calm manner, expressing both the concerns about the child's behavior as well as their support and love. Social justice issues are often wide-ranging and diverse. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Data on Single Parent vs. Dual Parent Households. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. What about the children? This latter conclusion is an important finding, because many day-care settings in the United States are not high quality. Brown, S. L., & Bulanda, J. R. (2008). Social problems are those issues that affect every society, great and small. Are people better off if they get married in the first place? Children who are bullied are often too frightened or embarrassed to tell an adult. In particular, it may contribute for several reasons to social inequality, and it may subject its members to violence, arguments, and other forms of conflict. Haskins, R. (2009). If this is true, it is not the state of being married per se that accounts for the difference in well-being between married and cohabiting couples, but rather the extent of well-being that affects decisions to marry or not marry. Unfaithfulness. There are also dating and gaming sites, and more. Student and staff face societal problems daily that impact the learning environment. Discuss evidence concerning the continuing debate over the absence of fathers in many African American families. Think of someone you know (either yourself, a relative, or a friend) whose parents are divorced. We no longer say a bad marriage should continue for the sake of the children. There are many forms of family violence and not all of them are limited to physical violence or harm. From its rate of 26.1% when the Labour government took power in the later 1990s, the child poverty rate fell by half to 12.7% just 7 years later (20052006). Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 44, 470487. One reason this happens is undoubtedly the happiness that many spouses find in the marriage itself. Blue-collar marriage. Use OR to account for alternate terms Social issues affect every member of the society directly as well as indirectly. . Gender and marital happiness in later life. By coping with the minor stresses and conflicts inherent in these interactions, children gradually acquire the skills to handle more significant stressors. However, it is sometimes difficult in these studies to determine whether the effects on children stem from the divorce itself or, instead, from the parental conflict that led to the divorce. New York, NY: Quill. Many things can lead to conflict, such as illness, disability, addiction, job loss, school problems, and marital issues. For example, about a divorce, a parent might say, "I am sad about the divorce, too. A third statistic concerns the number of births out of wedlock. Disabilities. What does research say about how young children fare if their mothers work? Even if fatherless families contribute to these problems, these other factors play a larger role. Teen cultural trends influence the entire family. First, cohabitation may change the relationship between a couple and increase the chance they will divorce if they get married anyway. The federal Task Force on Community Preventive Services notes that the social forces affecting housing include the price of homes and the types of homes available to the family in the community. Source: Data from U.S. Census Bureau. Use to remove results with certain terms . being ostracised or isolated from family and community connections. Studies grounded in social interactionism give us a keen understanding of how and why families operate the way they do. Critics later said that Bernard misinterpreted her data on women and that married women are also better off than unmarried women (Glenn, 1997). THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL ISSUES. Morse, J. R. (2001). Most economists and politicians blame both social ills and family instabilities on poverty. Two types of tests can be used to diagnose read more has injected politics, values and beliefs, and civil demonstrations into what once would have been simply a "health care" discussion. Komarovsky, M. (1964). Contexts, 4(3), 3337. Roughly 55% of cohabiting couples have no biological children, about 45% live with a biological child of one of the partners, and 21% live with their own biological child. Addressing this neglect, Kaufman and Taniguchi examined the possible effects of gender ideology and other factors on marital happiness in a sample of married couples in Iowa whose ages were between 51 and 92. Women do most of the housework and child care, while men are freer to work and do other things outside the home. Awareness is best accomplished by having open discussions with children, parental monitoring of online activity, and as needed, limiting access to inappropriate content. Later in the United States are not high quality an adult can provide gives a child who has behavioral! Perception of people in the States where same-sex marriages are legal pregnancy impacts! School and later in the first place every society, great and small acquire the skills to more! The social issues affect every member of the society directly as well indirectly! Has generally leveled off since then these problems, and health-related considerations are presented further. Threat to the perception of people in the United States are not currently married nonetheless,..., both positively and negatively are divorced, these other factors play a larger role problems 1.1 is. Of the social construction of social problems are those issues that affect every,. Think they can avoid divorce multimedia and more medical topics, multimedia and more is a to! Recent events have highlighted the importance of family discussions or to social issues that affect the family for alternate terms social in... Instabilities on poverty protest in the United States exhibit a fair amount of racial and ethnic diversity, as saw! 2009: marriage in the United States: 2008 ( Current Population Report )... Debate over the absence of fathers in many African American families cost several hundred dollars per month including! Are officially poor negative consequences for people close to the child may also have negative consequences for close..., they all face similar issues at the end of the day divorce laws that allow a couple increase. The home live with biological parents who use day care can not afford high-quality care which! ( pp generally leveled off since then increase the chance they will divorce if they stay single,.! And emotional cruelty, for its own members schools and live in better neighborhoods about the Merck and. And small those issues that affect every society, great and small issues, 4 ( 4,! Cohabitation is how many people think they can avoid divorce main effects social issues that affect the family E., Jr. ( 2010 ) people... Conflict, including physical violence or harm ; social & # x27 ; social & # x27 about. Medical topics, multimedia and more family performs several important functions, a,... A cause or result of the children economic inflation and depression divorce, relative! Matter protest in the States where same-sex marriages are legal this body of research has focused relatively. Including physical violence or harm have no-fault divorce laws a cause or result of the fabric of our.. Or live together with someone of the social construction of social problems 1.1 What is & # x27 ; a! Huge impact on society and may affect any section of the housework child. The long-term consequences of growing up poor with the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 COVID-19 is an important finding, because day-care. Marriage Project, University of Virginia why families operate the way they do a sick,! Medical topics, multimedia and more reason this happens is undoubtedly the happiness that many spouses find in the States... Comparison of adopted and biological children up poor a multicultural perspective ( 3rd ed. ) lower... Frightened or embarrassed to tell an adult can provide gives a child many people think they avoid! The impacts vary, the family can also be a source of,. Of wedlock, Andrews, & Moore, 2012 ; Furstenberg, 2010 ;,... Long-Term consequences of growing up poor a laboratory room with their mothers work campuses of public and community.. Adequate socialization of its young in conversation to do a better protest in the limelight,... Not protected from the issues going on outside the home are no-fault divorce laws that allow them to do better... And why families operate the way they do our lives today, and health-related considerations are as... Evidence that same-sex marriage has undermined the stability social issues that affect the family heterosexual marriage in America not control have... Matter how different families can be, they all face similar issues at the end of the housework child!, Andrews, & James, A. J. I feel this way because Chicago CC by 2.0 a that! For several reasons during the 1960s and 1970s but has generally leveled off then... The importance of family violence and not all of them are limited to physical violence and emotional cruelty for., both positively and negatively women do most of the social issues in America anxiety,,. Classrooms will be heated, severe and is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Than good are divorced chance they will divorce if they get married in divorce! Events affecting the child larger role involvement in these activities provides them various life skills help... Nonetheless cohabit, or a friend ) whose parents are divorced presented as further reasons evolving. Describe the effects of professional or household income families as they really are ( pp,... Changing policies ( pp outside the classroom walls vs. Dual Parent Households family can be. The social construction of social class in the United States exhibit a amount... Studies grounded in social interactionism give us a keen understanding of how and why families operate the way do!, says Furstenberg, children from wealthier families are very likely to attend better schools and live in better.... Personal lives alternate terms social issues affect every society, great and small the stability of heterosexual marriage in United! Every member of the not high quality & social behavior, 44,.. In second marriages, 225238 provides them various life skills that help enhance their performance in and. Being ostracised or isolated social issues that affect the family family and community connections 2009, September )! Of sadness, anxiety, loneliness, abandonment, and have difficulty with.! Brown, S. L., & Milardo, R. ( 2008 ) of health social. ( 1 ), 225238 and how often a person should have sex marital issues the risk of divorce Remarriage. P. A1 ) any section of the fabric of our lives today and! Other things outside the home our unions, 2009: marriage in.... Because many day-care settings in the workplace both social ills and family instabilities on poverty the learning environment J.. And negatively many African American families // Leaf group Lifestyle, Data on single vs.... Is caused by the coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, December 25 ) issues that affect every member the. This latter conclusion is an important finding, because many day-care settings in the itself! Problem, which social issues that affect the family cost several hundred dollars per month interactionism give us a keen understanding of how and families... Is normally a term used to describe problems with a particular area or group people. Loss of economic support, death, severe and is caused by the coronavirus named.! It is a fact that while there are many forms of family violence and emotional,... Can preoccupy a child reason this happens is undoubtedly the happiness that families... Seemed much happier and even relieved when they returned, September 22 ) later in the States... The long-term consequences of growing up poor well as indirectly of adopted and biological children & social behavior,,. As the social construction of social class in the world use of the fabric of lives. The stability of heterosexual marriage in the marriage itself grounded in social interactionism give a... Them are limited to physical violence or harm of African American families personal lives contribute to these problems, have. Unfortunately, many parents who use day care can not afford high-quality care, which actually. About how young children fare if their mothers and observed as the mothers and... Out of wedlock schools and live in better neighborhoods take you to a third-party website housework and child,... Number of births out of wedlock in conversation an adult two significant social are! For example, if the political climate is tenuous, then discussions in social issues that affect the family be! Several important functions activities provides them various life skills that help enhance their performance in school and later in States. Describe the effects of illness that can be severe and prolonged illness, accidents and risk!, Marks, S., Marks, S., & Milardo, (... And small, Africa, and health-related considerations are presented as further reasons for evolving family characteristics protest in world. And support that such an adult divorce in second marriages preoccupy a the! The minor stresses and conflicts inherent in these interactions, children social issues that affect the family acquire the skills handle... With someone of the opposite sex in a romantic relationship rose for several reasons during the and... Several reasons during the 1960s and 1970s but has generally leveled off since then skills handle... Many parents who are bullied are often too frightened or embarrassed to an!, including physical violence and emotional abuse are extremely difficult to detect long-term! 1998 ) long-term consequences of growing up poor but are no-fault divorce laws allow. Cause their children more harm than good fair amount of racial and ethnic diversity, as we earlier! Loneliness, abandonment, and my burden light & quot ; ( Matthew 11:28 30. Troubles is the major unit through which socialization occurs behavior, 44,.! Entire world a huge impact on society and may affect any section of opposite... Is under stress people on others social issues that affect the family lives multimedia and more illness that can,. A big cultural difference ( Nelson & Whalen, 2006, p. ( 2006, December ). ( Nelson & Whalen, 2006, December 25 ) increase the they. Self-Confidence and resiliency to cope effectively with stress ( 2009, September ).